Crowds
• main idea (Freud): people act differently in crowds than they would individually
• contagion theory vs. convergence theory
Propaganda
•Messages (often emotive) aimed at influencing behaviour/opinions of large number
•Propagand (latin) – “that which ought to be spread”
•Negative connotation after WWI
Propaganda - Characteristics
•From obvious imagery to subtle debate
•Often emotive rather than rational
•Bias/Skewed (though not nec. untrue)
•Indoctrination – no critical reflection
•Repetition and Drowning out Alternatives
•Like PR, idea of promoting certain ideas to masses, but often though of as involving some level of deception, underhandedness
Sleeper Effect
•Carl Hovland
•“hidden” effects of message, even if from discredible source
•Forget the source, but not the message
•Shown to be unreliable as theory
Groupthink
•Circular reinforcement of group ideals
•Rationalized conformity
•High stress/Direct leadership often causes
•Challenger example
Exposure Effect
•Desire/Preference because of repeated/prolonged exposure
•Choose what you recognize over what you do not (even tenuously)
Spiral of Silence
•Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann
•Less likely to voice opinion one thinks is minority view
•Causes reinforcement of prevalent opinion
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